Perfectionism, mental health, and injuries in women footballers

El perfeccionismo es un rasgo de personalidad que en función de su carácter adpatativo o desaptativo podría afectar positiva o negativamente a la salud mental del deportista, y a su vulnerabilidad a la lesión deportiva. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la relación entre el perfeccionismo, indicadores de salud mental (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) y las lesiones deportivas en mujeres futbolistas. Participaron 74 jugadoras de fútbol con una edad media de 19.6±4.7 años. Para el análisis de los datos se utiñlizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indicaron que la relación entre el perfeccionismo adaptativo respecto al estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión fue negativa. En contraste, la relación entre el perfeccionismo desadaptativo respecto al estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión fue positiva. Así mismo, el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión se relacionaron positivamente con el número de lesiones en los dos últimos años. En conclusión, un mayor nivel de perfeccionismo adaptativo implica menores síntomas de ansiedad, estrés y depresión en mujeres futbolistas, pudiendo ser un factor de protección. Por el contrario, un mayor nivel de perfeccionismo desadaptativo conlleva niveles altos de estos síntomas. Finalmente, debido a que estos indicadores de salud mental están vinculados con las lesiones, determina una relación estadísticamente positiva entre el perfeccionismo desadaptativo y la probabilidad de lesionarse, y de carácter inverso, negativo, entre ésta y el perfeccionismo adaptativo.(AU)

Deciphering lead tolerance mechanisms in a population of the plant species Biscutella auriculata L. from a mining area: Accumulation strategies and antioxidant defenses.

The uptake and distribution of Pb and the mechanisms involved in the metal tolerance have been investigated in a mine population of Biscutella auriculata. Seedlings were exposed to 125 µM Pb(NO3)2 for 15 days under semihydroponic conditions. The results showed an increase in the size of Pb-treated seedlings and symptoms of toxicity were not observed. ICP-OES analyses showed that Pb accumulation was restricted to root tissue. Imaging of Pb accumulation by dithizone histochemistry revealed the presence of the metal in vacuoles and cell wall in root cells. The accumulation of Pb in vacuoles could be stimulated by an increase in phytochelatin PC2 content. Pb did not promote oxidative damage and this is probably due the increase of antioxidative defenses. In the leaves, Pb produced a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity, while in roots an increase in catalase and components of the Foyer- Halliwell-Asada cycle were observed. The results indicated that Biscutella auriculata has a high capacity to tolerate Pb and this is mainly due to a very efficient mechanism to sequester the metal in roots and a capacity to avoid oxidative stress. This species could therefore be very useful for phytostabilization and repopulation of areas contaminated with Pb.

Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L.

Biscutella auriculata L. is one of the rare species that is able to grow in a very contaminated mining area in Villamayor de Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain). In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the tolerance of this plant to high metal concentrations, we grew B. auriculata in the presence of 125 µM Cd(NO3)2 for 15 days and analysed different parameters associated with plant growth, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species metabolism, metal uptake and translocation, photosynthesis rate and biothiol (glutathione and phytochelatins) content. Treatment with Cd led to growth inhibition in both the leaves and the roots, as well as a reduction of photosynthetic parameters, transpiration and stomatal conductance. The metal was mainly accumulated in the roots and in the vascular tissue, although most Cd was detected in areas surrounding their epidermal cells, while in the leaves the metal accumulated mainly in spongy mesophyll, stomata and trichrome. Based on the Cd bioaccumulation (5.93) and translocation (0.15) factors, this species denoted enrichment of the metal in the roots and its low translocation to the upper tissues. Biothiol analysis showed a Cd-dependent increase of reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as the phytochelatins (PC2 and PC3) in both roots and leaves. Cd-promoted oxidative damage occurred mainly in the leaves due to disturbances in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, while the roots did not show significant damage as a result of induction of antioxidant defences. It can be concluded that B. auriculata is a new Cd-tolerant plant with an ability to activate efficient metal-sequestering mechanisms in the root surface and leaves and to induce PCs, as well as antioxidative defences in roots.

Effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68 on serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of a 14-day administration of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on serum concentrations of cobalamin and folate in healthy dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six healthy dogs were randomly allocated between probiotic and control groups. Enterococcus faecium SF68 was administered to the probiotic group for 14 days whereas the control group did not receive any product. A blood sample was taken from all dogs when starting the administration (day 1), when the administration ended (day 14) and 14 days later (day 28). Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations and the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index scores were determined at each time point. RESULTS: There was a progressive reduction of mean serum cobalamin in the probiotic group during the 28-day study, with significantly lower concentration at day 28 compared to baseline and day 14 concentrations. Moderate hypocobalaminaemia was observed in eight dogs at day 28. Probiotic administration was associated with a non-significant increase in mean serum folate concentration at day 14, and a significant decrease at day 28 compared with day 1. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index score remained unaltered during the study. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Short-term Enterococcus faecium SF68 administration caused a significant reduction of mean cobalamin concentration and moderate hypocobolaminaemia in eight of 18 dogs. Monitoring serum folate appears unnecessary because the probiotic caused a non-significant increase that returned to baseline values after administration was discontinued.

Estudio bibliométrico de tesis doctorales sobre psicología del deporte / Estudio bibliométrico de tesis doutorales sobre psicologia do esporte / Bibliometric study of doctoral theses on sports psychology

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis bibliométrico de las tesis doctorales sobre psicología del deporte en España. Se utilizó la base de datos TESEO en el periodo temporal 1976-2015. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 93 tesis doctorales sobre las que se analizaron las siguientes variables: universidades más productoras, género del autor de la tesis, número de directores varones y mujeres, género del presidente del tribunal, número de varones y mujeres en el tribunal, tipo de directores, tipo de tribunal, tipo de muestra de la tesis, presencia de la tesis de manera completa o resumida y tipo de contenidos. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda avanzada en la base de datos TESEO y un posterior registro de todas las tesis en Microsoft Excel, para el tratamiento y codificación de cada una de las variables. Los resultados indican que la Universidad de Valencia es la institución que más tesis doctorales sobre psicología del deporte ha producido (16), que son más los autores (57) que las autoras (36), género masculino por encima del femenino en autoría de las tesis (57vs36), número de directores, presidencia del tribunal (78vs14), componentes del tribunal, tipo de dirección y tipo de tribunal, a los deportistas profesionales de élite como la muestra más estudiada (24), a la presencia de resúmenes por encima de tesis doctorales completas en TESEO (78vs15) y al deporte de rendimiento como contenido más predominante entre las tesis (45) (AU)

Neste trabalho uma análise bibliométrica da tese de doutorado sobre a psicologia do desporto em Espanha é realizada. Foi utilizado o banco de dados TESEO no período 1976-2015. A amostra foi composta de 93 teses de doutorado sobre as seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: universidades mais produtores, sexo do autor da tese, número de diretores homens e mulheres, que preside sexo juiz, número de homens e mulheres em tribunal, diretores tipo, tipo de corte, tipo de amostra tese, presença tese de forma completa ou resumo e tipo de conteúdo. Para fazer uma pesquisa avançada foi realizada na base de dados TESEO e subsequente registro de todas as teses em Microsoft Excel, para processamento e codificação de cada uma das variáveis. Os resultados indicam que a Universidade de Valência é a tese da instituição de doutoramento sobre psicologia do esporte produziu (16), que são os autores (57) que os autores (36), sexo masculino sobre a autoria feminina tese (57vs36), número de diretores, presidente do tribunal (78vs14), componentes do tribunal, tipo de endereço e tipo de tribunal, os atletas profissionais como a amostra mais estudado (24), a presença de resumos acima teses doutorales em TESEO completo (78vs15) e desempenho desportivo como conteúdo mais predominante entre teses (45) (AU)

This work is to carry out a bibliometric analysis doctoral thesis on sports psychology published in TESEO database in the time period 1976-2015. The sample was composed of 93 doctoral thesis of which were analyzed by the following variables: most productive universities, the gender of the thesis autor, the number of directors men and women, the gender of the president of the court, the number of men and women in court, the type of directors, the type of court, a sample type of the thesis or in full or a summary and content type COP-CAFD. To do this we preceeded to perform an advanced search of TESEO database and a subquent registration of all the Microsoft Excel thesis, for the processing and coding of each of the variables. The results place the University of Valencia as the institution that produces the most doctoral thesis os sports psychology, the masculine gender is above the female gender in the authorship of the theses, the number of directors, the presence of the court, components of the court, the type of address and the type of court, the professional athletes are shown as the most studied sample, the presence of the summaries are above the completed doctoral thesis in TESEO and sport perfomance as the most predominant content between the thesis (AU)

Cellular and molecular changes associated with somatic embryogenesis induction in Agave tequilana.

In spite of the importance of somatic embryogenesis for basic research in plant embryology as well as for crop improvement and plant propagation, it is still unclear which mechanisms and cell signals are involved in acquiring embryogenic competence by a somatic cell. The aim of this work was to study cellular and molecular changes involved in the induction stage in calli of Agave tequilana Weber cultivar azul in order to gain more information on the initial stages of somatic embryogenesis in this species. Cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques were used to identify differences between embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from several genotypes. Presence of granular structures was detected after somatic embryogenesis induction in embryogenic cells; composition of these structures as well as changes in protein and polysaccharide distribution was studied using Coomassie brilliant blue and Periodic Acid-Schiff stains. Distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins was investigated in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells by immunolabelling using anti-AGP monoclonal antibodies (JIM4, JIM8 and JIM13) as well as an anti-methyl-esterified pectin-antibody (JIM7), in order to evaluate major modifications in cell wall composition in the initial stages of somatic embryogenesis. Our observations pointed out that induction of somatic embryogenesis produced accumulation of proteins and polysaccharides in embryogenic cells. Presence of JIM8, JIM13 and JIM7 epitopes were detected exclusively in embryogenic cells, which supports the idea that specific changes in cell wall are involved in the acquisition of embryogenic competence of A. tequilana.

New phenotypes of the drought-tolerant cbp20 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant have changed epidermal morphology.

This paper provides a detailed phenotypic analysis of the abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive Cap Binding Protein 20 (cbp20) mutant. Some hitherto undescribed changes were found in the tissue structure and epidermal morphology of this mutant. These include more and smaller cells in the epidermis, a thicker cuticle and more frequent occurrence of trichomes on leaf surfaces. Some of these traits may contribute to the physiological processes responsible for the water-saving behaviour of the mutant. Abnormal spatial patterns between stomatal pore complexes were also found on various organs of the mutant. All these observations indicate profoundly disturbed development of epidermal tissue in the cbp20 mutant, which has not previously been reported for this class of mutants. A potential connection between the new phenotypes and disturbed miRNA metabolism and mRNA splicing of the mutant is discussed.

Influence of Fe concentration in the medium on multicellular pollen grains and haploid plants induced by mannitol pretreatment in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

This study aims to clarify the short- and long-term effects of the iron concentration in the medium on androgenesis induced in barley by isolated microspore culture. The ultrastructural features and pectin composition of the intine wall were studied in the initial stages of androgenesis. The evolution of electron-dense iron deposits on the intine was analysed in multicellular pollen grains obtained by isolated microspore culture performed for 3, 6, and 9 days using various concentrations of FeNa(2) EDTA. Finally, the number of embryo-like structures and green plants obtained by microspore culture using different Fe concentrations was evaluated in order to estimate the optimum concentration for isolated microspore culture.

Cytological and ultrastructural changes induced in anther and isolated-microspore cultures in barley: Fe deposits in isolated-microspore cultures.

To gain further insight into the role played by sporophytic anther tissues in the early stages of the androgenic process, we have compared the cytology and ultrastructure of barley embryogenic pollen grains obtained by anther culture with those obtained by isolated-microspore culture. The microspores behaved similarly in both culture systems but ultrastructural studies detected a significant difference: the presence of electron-dense deposits on the intine of embryogenic pollen grains generated by isolated-microspore culture compared to their absence in grains generated by anther culture. To discover the nature of these deposits, we applied proteinase K and EDTA treatments to ultrathin sections. We also subjected the deposits to X-ray microanalysis and found that they contained iron. Anthers and isolated microspores were cultured in media containing different concentrations of iron so as to evaluate the presence of these deposits on the intine. Deposits were not found in anther cultures at any iron concentration used or in microspore cultures when concentrations were lower than 40 mg/L. The Fe deposits on the intine appear to derive from an excess of Fe in the isolated-microspore culture medium which, if allowed to pass through the cell wall, could well be toxic to the embryogenic development of the microspores.

The major olive pollen allergen (Ole e I) shows both gametophytic and sporophytic expression during anther development, and its synthesis and storage takes place in the RER.

The distribution of Ole e I (the major olive pollen allergen) and its transcripts was investigated in the anther from premeiotic stages until the dehiscent pollen stage. Crude protein extracts were analyzed by immunoblotting and probed with a monoclonal antibody to Ole e I. The protein, with three variants, was found to accumulate from the early microspore stage onwards. In addition to the previously reported localization of the protein, Ole e I has been immunolocalized for the first time within the pollen wall and in the tapetum. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis using specific oligonucleotides and RNA extracted from whole anthers revealed that the Ole e I gene is expressed from the late tetrad stage onwards. No expression was found in control tissues such as petals, roots or leaves. Light microscopy in situ hybridization on developing flower buds and dehiscent pollen confirmed the transcripts to be present in both the microspores and the sporophytic tissue (tapetum). Labeling was found primarily in the tapetum, reaching the highest concentration in the cytoplasm of the developing and mature pollen, once tapetum started to degenerate. In situ hybridization at the transmission electron microscope level showed the transcripts to accumulate on ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These studies, together with others carried out previously by us, indicated that both synthesis and storage of Ole e I take place in the endoplasmic reticulum, coincidentally with the conspicuous changes suffered by this membrane system during pollen development. This process is most likely controlled at the transcriptional level. The localization of the protein in the pollen ectexine bring new insights into the function of the allergen, which are discussed.

Nucleolar evolution and coiled bodies during meiotic prophase in Olea europaea: differential localization of nucleic acids.

We studied the ultrastructural evolution of the nucleolus during meiotic prophase in olive microsporocytes. During prophase, nuclear bodies morphologically similar to coiled bodies were observed. The nucleic acid composition of these bodies was examined in microsporocytes using electron microscopic techniques with EDTA preferential ribonucleoprotein staining, anti-DNA immunolabeling, the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-immunogold technique, and in situ hybridization with 18S rRNA and U3 snoRNA digoxigenin-labeled probes. The ultrastructural appearance of the meiocyte nucleolus indicated a low level of activity from the early prophase stage: the granular component was practically absent and nucleoli were constituted almost exclusively by dense fibrillar component containing large fibrillar centers that lacked chromatin inclusions. However, the appearance of reactivation vacuoles in the nucleolus during zygotene and high levels of rRNA in the nucleoplasm during pachytene support the presence of a peak in rRNA synthesis. Our results also show that the nuclear bodies that appear during prophase I are ribonucleoproteinaceous in nature; neither DNA nor ribosomal RNA were detected. The presence of U3 snoRNA, as shown by in situ hybridization in nuclear bodies from plant material, is also evidence that these structures are coiled bodies. We suggest that coiled bodies are involved not only in pre- and post-splicing events but also in the storage, transport or recycling of rRNA maturation elements.

Immunogold probes for light and electron microscopic localization of Ole e I in several Oleaceae pollens.

We investigated the immunolocalization of the olive major allergen Ole e I and Ole e I-like proteins in pollen from several Oleaceae species [olive (Olea europaea), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), privet (Ligustrum vulgaris), lilac (Syringa vulgare), and forsythia (Forsythia suspensa)]. Crossreactions among different pollens were found in enzyme immunoassays. For immunolocalization with light microscopy we used the silver enhancement technique with three monoclonal antibodies (1D8, 10H1, and 16G2) that recognize three different epitopes of the allergen Ole e I. Our findings show that the silver enhancement technique is very useful when several antibodies are to be used for rapid screening of different materials. MAb 10H1 gave the most precise results and was selected for further immunolocalization studies with transmission electron microscopy. The epitope recognized by this MAb was localized exclusively in the endoplasmic reticulum in olive pollen. In lilac, privet, and ash pollen, most of the reactivity was also seen in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, the 10H1 epitope was not detected in forsythia pollen.

Ultrastructural rRNA localization in plant cell nucleoli. RNA/RNA in situ hybridization, autoradiography and cytochemistry.

The distribution of ribosomal transcripts in the plant nucleolus has been studied by non-isotopic in situ hybridization in ultrathin Lowicryl K4M sections and by high-resolution autoradiography after labelling with tritiated uridine. In parallel, cytochemical techniques were applied to localize RNA on different plant nucleolar components of Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells and Capsicum annuum L. pollen grains. For RNA/RNA in situ hybridization, several biotinylated single-stranded ribosomal RNA probes were used for mapping different fragments of the 18 S and the 25 S rRNA gene transcribed regions. Ribosomal RNAs (from pre-rRNAs to mature 18 and 25 S RNAs) were found in the nucleolus, in the dense fibrillar (DFC) and granular components (GC). Hybridization signal was found at the periphery of some fibrillar centres (FCs) with probes recognizing both 18 and 25 S rRNA sequences. A quantitative study was performed to analyze the significance of this labelling. Incorporation of tritiated uridine into roots was carried out and, later, after a long time-exposure, autoradiography revealed the presence of newly synthesized RNA mainly in the DFC and at the periphery of the FCs. The presence of RNA in these areas was also confirmed by the cytochemical techniques used in this study. Taken together, these data favour the hypothesis that transcription can begin at the periphery of the FCs, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the DFC plays a role in this process.

Characterization of the interchromatin region as the nuclear domain containing snRNPs in plant cells. A cytochemical and immunoelectron microscopy study.

The combination of electron microscopy (EM) cytochemical with immunocytochemical methods is used to characterize the interchromatin region (IR) of the plant cell nucleus. Cryoprocessing of the sample provides a better ultrastructural preservation and allows the observation of some differences in the fine structure of the IR which shows a denser aspect resulting from the lower extraction of components with low-temperature methods. A complex network of fibrillar structures and isolated or clustered 30 to 50-nm granules are observed in the IR. Anti-DNA antibodies combined with the NAMA-Ur method for DNA or the EDTA staining, preferential for RNPs, allow the detection of chromatin fibers in the IR. Bismuth staining reveals the presence of highly phosphorylated proteins in some interchromatin structures. The spliceosomal snRNPs are immunolocalized on cryosections and Lowicryl sections of plant cells using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. They provide a homogeneous immunofluorescence pattern with no speckles. This is in correlation with the labeling at EM, immunogold particles decorate the EDTA-positive fibrillar structures of the IR but no labeling is found over the 30 to 50-nm granules. The presence of the spliceosomal snRNPs, DNA and phosphorylated proteins in the IR indicate that this nuclear domain plays a major role in pre-messenger RNA splicing and, possibly in transcription, in the plant cell nucleus.

A specific ultrastructural method to reveal DNA: the NAMA-Ur.

We have developed a new, simple, and reproducible cytochemical method to specifically stain DNA at the electron microscopic level: the NAMA-Ur. It is based on the extraction of RNA and phosphate groups from phosphoproteins by a weak alkali hydrolysis (NA) which does not affect DNA, followed by blockage of the amino and carboxyl groups by methylation and acetylation (MA). Finally, sections are stained by uranyl (Ur), which can bind only to DNA. The efficiency of the pre-treatment (NA and MA) was demonstrated by X-ray microanalysis at the transmission electron microscopic level. The NAMA-Ur method has been successfully performed en bloc and on Lowicryl sections in mammalian and plant cells. A specific contrast is observed in the DNA-containing structures after this method, whose sensitivity allows visualization of electron-dense chromatin fibers of 10-12 nm composed of 3-nm DNA fibrils. This staining method has been combined with anti-DNA antibodies, providing complementary information to detect DNA in situ. We propose the NAMA-Ur as an easy method to investigate the chromatin organization in situ at the ultrastructural level.

Visualization of starch-synthase expression by in situ hybridization during pollen development.

The expression of the starch-synthase gene was studied by in situ RNA hybridization at different stages of pollen development in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). By means of Northern blot analysis we demonstrated that a potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) gene was homologous to its tobacco counterpart, and then we synthesized (35)S-labeled RNA probes from this gene. The probe was seen to bind at the tetrad stage. Unicellular pollen grains showed no starch-synthase mRNA but these transcripts reappeared in the binucleate stages, being abundant in mature pollen grains. Our results show that starch-synthase is expressed in the gametophytic cells. Variations in mRNA accumulation during the different stages indicate a regulation of this gene throughout pollen development.

Spatial patterns of histone mRNA expression during grain development and germination in rice.

The pattern of distribution of histone H3 mRNA during the development of the rice grain and its germination was monitored by in situ hybridization and confirmed by Northern blot analysis. In ovaries sampled before and after fertilization, a 3H-labeled histone RNA probe was localized in the cells of the pericarp, outer integument and nucellus but binding of the probe decreased as these tissues senesced. In the developing embryo, the histone message was first detected in the scutellum; later, all parts of the embryo except the shoot apex, newly formed leaf primordia and the quiescent center of the root, revealed the presence of transcripts. Considerable binding of the probe also occurred in the endosperm as its cells began to accumulate starch. Cells of the embryo and endosperm of mature grains displayed very little or no histone mRNA, although during germination, these transcripts reappeared in the cells of both embryo and endosperm. There was a good correlation between the presence or absence of binding to the 32P-labeled histone gene DNA by RNA extracted from grains of different stages of development and germination, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and by spatial localization following in situ hybridization.

The occurrence of metals Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn in the nuclei of animal cells: an ultrastructural, in situ, X-ray microanalytical study.

Cell nuclei may contain significant quantities of the metals Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, since they are present in the nucleo-enzymes and/or nucleic acids. These metals have been detected by X-ray microanalysis in situ in dinoflagellates (Kearns et al). Aluminum was only detected in cell nuclei in cases of natural or provoked intoxication. We observed at the ultrastructural level, in situ, the presence of Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn in nuclei of different types of non-intoxicated animal cells. Moreover, we measured the concentration of these metals in the nucleolus and chromatin and compared it with the concentration of P and S.